点燃式航空重油活塞发动机冷起动控制策略

针对点燃式航空重油活塞发动机低温起动困难问题,采取了空气辅助缸内直喷技术手段,开展了冷起动控制策略研究及试验验证研究,解决了-10 ℃发动机低温顺利起动问题。提取了影响冷起动的关键控制参数,并对其进行了规律研究,获得了环境温度对各参数的最优匹配结果及试验验证;定义了点燃式重油发动机的冷起动阶段,根据匹配和试验结果获得了关键参数与缸体温度的映射关系,设计了冷起动策略并进行了试验验证。结果表明:缸体温度在-10～20 ℃之间,最佳喷油提前角在上止点前50°~85°范围,最佳点火提前角为上止点前45°可以保证重油发动机平稳起动,起动时间小于3 s。     

基于L_1自适应的超低空空投抗侧风控制律设计

针对超低空空投过程中侧风干扰与装备投放过程相耦合,影响载机飞行安全和空投任务的完成等问题,提出了基于L_1自适应的控制律设计方法。利用最优控制对系统线性部分做状态反馈并确定匹配参考模型,在此基础上,考虑系统的匹配和非匹配不确定性,设计L_1自适应控制器实现姿态保持,结合外环PID侧向轨迹控制器实现对航迹的稳定和保持。仿真结果表明,控制器具有优良的控制性能,对复杂侧风干扰和系统非线性不确定性具有很强的鲁棒性,且在高自适应增益下能有效抑制输入信号高频抖振。     

基于数字虚拟飞行的民机侧风着陆地面航向操稳特性评估

基于民机的适航要求,建立了一种基于数字虚拟飞行的侧风着陆地面航向操稳特性评估方法。以着陆滑跑过程中最大机体倾斜角和最大航迹偏移量作为评估的关键参数,依据人机闭环数字飞行仿真计算结果,评估了某大型水陆两栖飞机侧风着陆任务的地面航向操稳特性适航符合性。对于20 kts侧风分量,算例飞机着陆滑跑的机身最大机体倾斜角为3.44°,最大侧向航迹偏差为2.51 m,能够满足适航要求。进一步研究表明,侧风分量大小、道面污染情况均影响侧风着陆的安全性。在干道面上当侧风分量超过30 kts时即会出现地面打转现象;道面污染增加滑跑减速所消耗的跑道长度,同时不利于驾驶员对滑行航向的控制。所提评估方法可应用于民机的概念和方案设计阶段,并为后续开展飞行试验验证等提供理论参考。      

Variable Structure Control of Catastrophic Course in Airdropping Heavy Cargo

The mathematical model of a transport aircraft would be subjected to a sudden change when heavy cargo is dropped off in airdropping, which exerts serious influences upon the safety of the aircraft. A variable structure controller is specially designed for handling the airdrop process. The nonlinear system is linearized by input-output feedback linearization using differential geometry theories. On this basis, an inner loop system for velocity and attitude tracking control is designed by using the exponentially approaching rule of the variable structure theory. The whole flight control system is integrated with the outer loop flight altitude control. Digital simulation evidences the applicability of the system to potentially catastrophic course in airdropping heavy cargo and provides robustness against system parameter perturbation.     

基于微振动隔离技术的平台载荷一体化设计

针对大口径高分辨率相机对卫星平台结构、安装包络、振动环境等方面的要求,提出了一种基于微振动隔离技术的平台载荷一体化设计与分析方法。通过在卫星平台与载荷安装基板之间的一体化结构中增加柔性连接单元,利用系统刚度和能量耦合的原理对一体化结构平台的系统性能进行设计和仿真分析,并在此基础上,开展了平台载荷一体化结构地面模拟试验研究。结果表明：文章提出的基于微振动隔离技术的平台载荷一体化设计在满足载荷安装要求的同时,还能够将卫星平台传递至载荷基板的振动响应衰减80%以上,从而有效地确保载荷的主要性能。     

航线维修中的NFF件处理对策

对未发现故障(NFF)件产生的原因进行了分析,结合航线维修工作特点,编制了NFF件处理逻辑图,提供了系统的NFF件解决方案;在对NFF件的可靠性管理过程中引入闭环控制方法,从航线维修和部件修理两个方面入手,给出了减少NFF件的方法,对消除由NFF件造成的飞机运行不良影响、降低维修费用、提高部件修理质量有积极作用.     

风环境下行驶于大跨度桥梁上的车辆安全评价及影响因素研究

建立了风环境下行驶于振荡桥梁上的车辆受到侧向突发阵风时的车辆安全性分析方法.定义了包括侧翻、侧滑和偏转在内的三种风致车辆事故.在综合考虑路面粗糙度、车辆悬挂系统以及车轮相对于桥面侧向相对滑动的基础上,提出了能够考虑桥梁的静风响应、抖振响应、汽车一桥梁耦合振动、系统的时变特性以及结构几何非线性和气动荷载非线性影响的风一汽车一桥梁系统空间耦合分析模型,编制了相应的分析程序.以杭州湾跨海大桥为工程实例,运用所编制的程序研究了路面粗糙度、风速以及干、湿、雪、冰路面状况对行驶于桥梁上的车辆安全性的影响,给出了典型车辆在桥梁上发生事故的临界风速,并与车辆行驶于路面上的相应值进行了对比;对比表明:振荡的桥梁会降低车辆发生事故的临界风速.     

重型货物空投系统过程仿真及特性分析

建立了货物空投系统仿真计算模型,包括货台在舱内和舱外全过程的运动特性、降落伞拉直和充气过程的轨迹特性计算等,提出了伞群模拟和多吊带系统分析的新方法。结合目前已有的降落伞性能计算模型和物伞系统运动模型,对重型货物空投全过程进行了完整计算,开发了空投过程三维动画仿真软件,通过与试验数据的对比,表明本模型能很好地满足应用的需要。分析了空投速度、伞包安装位置和牵引比等因素对空投过程的影响,指出了实际系统的改进方向。     

侧风环境下行驶的直背式轿车气动力计算

分别对直背式简化轿车模型在无侧风、稳态侧风、非稳态侧风三种条件下汽车周围流场进行了数值模拟,并对汽车受到的气动力进行了计算.结果表明,定常侧风会产生较大侧向力,阻力和升力也有一定增加;在非定常侧风作用下,气动力变化趋势与侧风速率变化趋势基本相同.阻力增大幅度较为平缓,侧向力增大较为显著,升力处于两者之间.当侧风增大到一定速率后,车外流场会发生较大变化,尾涡会转变为侧向涡.      

Emergence of a Habitable Planet

We address the first several hundred million years of Earth’s history. The Moon-forming impact left Earth enveloped in a hot silicate atmosphere that cooled and condensed over ∼1,000 yrs. As it cooled the Earth degassed its volatiles into the atmosphere. It took another ∼2 Myrs for the magma ocean to freeze at the surface. The cooling rate was determined by atmospheric thermal blanketing. Tidal heating by the new Moon was a major energy source to the magma ocean. After the mantle solidified geothermal heat became climatologically insignificant, which allowed the steam atmosphere to condense, and left behind a ∼100 bar, ∼500 K CO₂ atmosphere. Thereafter cooling was governed by how quickly CO₂ was removed from the atmosphere. If subduction were efficient this could have taken as little as 10 million years. In this case the faint young Sun suggests that a lifeless Earth should have been cold and its oceans white with ice. But if carbonate subduction were inefficient the CO₂ would have mostly stayed in the atmosphere, which would have kept the surface near ∼500 K for many tens of millions of years. Hydrous minerals are harder to subduct than carbonates and there is a good chance that the Hadean mantle was dry. Hadean heat flow was locally high enough to ensure that any ice cover would have been thin (<5 m) in places. Moreover hundreds or thousands of asteroid impacts would have been big enough to melt the ice triggering brief impact summers. We suggest that plate tectonics as it works now was inadequate to handle typical Hadean heat flows of 0.2–0.5 W/m². In its place we hypothesize a convecting mantle capped by a ∼100 km deep basaltic mush that was relatively permeable to heat flow. Recycling and distillation of hydrous basalts produced granitic rocks very early, which is consistent with preserved >4 Ga detrital zircons. If carbonates in oceanic crust subducted as quickly as they formed, Earth could have been habitable as early as 10–20 Myrs after the Moon-forming impact.